Michel Foucaults Theory of the City

Michel Foucaults Theory of the City In this essay I will discuss and plain how the city is represented as place of power and surveillance, using Michel Foucaults ‘the means of correct training in his discipline and punish (1977) and the film 28 weeks later where I will pick four scenes from the film. I will discuss and explain how the film deals with the notions of institutional and private rights, how visual design might represent notions of surveillance and oppression through (space, colours juxtapositions, and characters); and finally, how the city is represented through various ways of looking/imaging. The shift to consumerist city has marked changes in the surveillance and control of urban space through an innumerable technologies and moral practice. These type of change happed as cities tries to rebrand and remarket themselves within local regions nationally and internationally in order to compete with the current capital investment markets. Visual politics of the street underpins changes in urban and its governance, thereby creating risk- taking business that focuses on creating visually pleasing spaces via architecture to regulate to practices surveillance not only in urban spaces but also in suburbs places. canary wharf can be seen as primary example of this panopticon described in Michel Foucault discipline and punish in the means of correct training. In his book he describe panopticon as all round the clock functioning surveillance machine which is designed to insure that no prisoner could ever see the inspector who conduct the surveillance from his control room to the radial (central location within the radial configuration). Hi goes on saying. The prisoner could never know when he was being surveyed in the instant of the scene in 28 weeks later where the commanding officers ware surveying on the survivors by using machine guns at night time or in the instant the ware the architecture of the building /faà §ade was designed with glass, which in this case the inspector had a full control and awareness of the activities conducted by not only the survivors but also the survivors were aware of the presence of the commanding forces around them. There individual rights at this stage. could be manipulated and cause destruction for the institutional powers. I will feather explore this scenario as I progress feather is this assay. In the same time considering the survivors were aware of been watched at all times, the mental uncertainty and the anxiety of been quoted doing anything against the set up rules in itself enough to discipline them. Due to high effect of ponopticon in the film were the survivors are injected with this state of mind that surveillance is present at all times and that automatic full functioning power is around the clock, and no uncharacterized behaviors will be tolerated. In this instant, the survivors are caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. To achieve this, it is at once too much and too little that the survivors are constantly watched by a CCTV cameras and commanding forces, to the extent that the survivor is aware of been watched but in the same time there is no need for him or her to be observed. In such Circumstances Bentham laid down the following principle that â€Å"power should be visible and unverifiable. † he went in saying visible that the inmate /patient will constantly have before them the central tower in front of them/ (control room in the instant of the 28 weeks later film) which there spied upon, and unverifiable that the inmate/patience or the survivors under no Circumstances should he/she know whether is been watched, but he must know he may always be so. But in the 28 weeks later film from the scene nine where the commanding forces from the top unit were surveying on the survivors at nig ht time. In this scene we see how surveillance is conducted without the knowledge of survivors. One sees everything without been seen. In this scenario we see the same principles been mentioned in bentham book in panopticism been repeated in the film Where the commanding forces where using high tech machine guns and CCTV cameras to insure all the people were where they were supposed to be and insuring orders were kept at all times. With the aid mordern of architecture power could be exercised to its fullest effect and individual rights were at no place to question the institutional power. Putting into consideration the main location where the power was enforced and practiced was in canary wharf, one can clearly see how power is immediately portrayed without even questioning the forerunners aim. (Scene seven) Bentham goes on saying â€Å"the Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen†. He continue saying â€Å"it is an important mechanism for optimizing and disindvidualising power.† Here we see Bentham say panopticon is not a bad thing when is used for the right reasons; he give examples of the usefulness of the panopticonhe says â€Å"it makes it possible to draw up differences among patients and also to observe symptoms of each individual, in education it make it possible to observe performances. And among workers† it makes it possible to note the aptitudes of each worker, compare the time he takes to perform a task. â€Å"But the Panopticon was also a laboratory; it could be used as a machine to carry out experiments, to alter behavior, to train or correct individuals. To experiment with medicines and monitor their effects. To try out different punishments on prisoners, according to their crimes and character, and to seek the most effective ones.† Power is not the activity or the subject of knowledge that creates main parts of knowledge that opposes power, but is the power- knowledge and the struggles of those who goes through it determines the forms and possible domains of knowledge. http://cartome.org/foucault.htm which in the film when Andys mum was found had to be put under strict surveillance to prevent out-break of the virus but then when individual and institutional power are combined as seen in scene fourteen one of the power either for the individual or institution surfers severely or in most cases they both do. Conclusion in the reading of Michel Foucault discipline and punish; and in the film 28 weeks later one can draw many conclusion on how surveillance and institutional powers are conducted and how the city is viewed as a place of power. But in the same time we see when individual power and rights are exercised simultaneously cause severe consequences ; for example in scene 1,. Especially when Tammy and Andy decided to go to their old home to collect some of their possession here we see Tammy and Andy wanted to be free, they wanted to something that would remind them of their mother but under the rules set in the comp they were not permitted to leave the premises. As a result they rebelled and consequently brought back the virus in the camp and the end result most the survivors were exterminated, infected by the virus and the only survivors left in the whole city were them. My point is power should only be exercised when knowledge lead and it should be exercised by one part at a time to avoid coll ision. References Joe Kerr, Andrew Gibson, London from punk to Blair http://books.google.co.uk: city watch, 131-13, M. Foucault, 1977, Discipline and punishment, means of correct training, France: Gallimard Richard J. Williams. (2004). the anxious city. US andCanada, English urbanism in the late twentieth century. the anxious city 1, 10-19 http://cartome.org/foucault.htm

Apple Inc

Features of Apple Industry:2 Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader4 Strategic Innovation5 Recommendation7 Conclusion8 Reflection of our group work9 References12 Introduction As the first of the World’s Most Innovative Companies (Business week, 2010) and the 17th of the Best Global Brands (Interbrand, 2010), Apple has succeeded in strategic leadership and innovation, which has drawn attention from the world recently. This essay focuses on some key issues of Apple’s innovation. It begins with analyzing the key features of Apple Inc by Porter’s five forces and Kay’s distinctive capabilities.Then, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader and explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation are involved. The final section is our recommendations to Apple. Features of Apple Industry: In the stage of analyzing the key features of Apple industry, the first method is the Porter’s five forces model. It divides into five parts, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry within an industry (Assen, Berg and Pietersma,2009). Firstly, for Apple, there are some new entrants have disruptive power.For example, some online services which are similar to iTunes. However, there are numbers of high requirement for new entrants to get in the market, for instance, time and cost of entry. In the part of substitutes, nowadays, large amount of substitutes have good performance, they cost lower, are easy to switch, but only few of them have same quality as Apple’s products in the same price. In terms of bargaining power of buyers, it is an influential trouble for Apple. Although Apple has vast and loyal customers, every buyer and retailer all want better stuff in lower price.Moreover, they may reduce spending on Apple’s products if their economy downturn. Furthermore, Apple can ignore bargaining power of its professional supp liers, such as Inter, and strategic alliance, like Microsoft. The last part is the existing rivalry; Apple has a lot of powerful competitors, for example, HP and Lenovo. They pressure into Apple in every technological area and attract buyers by different products. Nevertheless, to be the most innovation company of the world, Apple industry is competitive all the time.Another method used in analysing key features of Apple industry is Kay's distinctive capabilities. This model consists of Architecture, Reputation and Innovation. Architecture: in the internal part between firm and employees, Apple industry has owns special corporate culture and a spiritual leadership. Apple corporate culture is featured in intense works and being pursuit of perfect works under a casual atmosphere and with sharing spirit. For a spiritual leadership, Steve Jobs' role in Apple is motivating employees to bring employees' creative talent into full play and not involving in the employees' work.In the externa l part and net works of architecture, Apple only choose strong suppliers having professional advantages to cooperate, such as Intel, it always cooperate other firms with its own purpose. For instance, the apple chose the Google to take advantage of its maps and video features for phone. Reputation: Apple has a great reputation that is built up on the basis of the quality signals and consumers' own experiences. Apple pays attention to quality of products. Apple keeps a trial and error on every product to prevent any quality problems from happening in future.Moreover, Apple's production is always based on consumers' experience. For example, Apple offers a free trial for consumers to feel their products. Innovation: Apple is famous for its innovation that can be demonstrated by technological innovation, product innovation and management innovation. Technological innovation means a perfect integration between hardware and software and Apple also keep updating them. Referring to product innovation, from first imac to recent-product i phone, Apple products, combining different functions, all go through the innovation.Speaking of management innovation, after Steve job's employment, Apple's management style is successfully transformed from relaxed style to controlled one. Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader Steve Jobs is known to be eccentric when it comes to strategy and business because he strives to become a market leader by dominating the competitors in customer loyalty, distribution and coverage, perceived value, price, profit and promotional spending. This is evident when we compare Apple and Microsoft because when Microsoft shows profit by sheer quantity, Apple competes strongly with the quality of its products and services.As an innovative leader, Steve Jobs is legendary which is reflected on his company motto â€Å"Think different! † Rethinking, reinventing and revitalizing are the three main ways of doing business according to Steve Jobs. S implicity and innovation in terms of the product range gave Steve Jobs the edge over other competitors. A well-known example for this is the annual launch of new and updated versions of the iPod with a simple change in colour, form-factor and memory capacity. His risk-taking approach to business is believed to be unique making him an epitome of courage.His idea of self-belief and a vision enabled him to lead a great career life. He believes in investing in new innovative products and services that are built on existing technologies to create a â€Å"customer and market-based business†. His ability to get over failures and try again makes him a suitable comparison with Thomas Edison who had his share of failures along with mighty successes. Apple is a multi-billion company and yet they have just fewer than 30 different products. This is because of Steve Jobs’ immense drive for focus on a specific and well-identified section of the consumer electronics market.This shows the stringent and perseverant character of Steve Jobs as he would have told â€Å"No† to many potential ideas related both to the products and in recruitment. When Steve Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and came back in 1996, he implemented what we now believe as a CEO-centric model of strategic leadership that involves not just generation of ideas but also to hold the rudder of a massive ship that is Apple. Hence Steve Jobs will always be remembered as one of the most visionary, creative and high-impact leaders of his generation or any generation.Strategic Innovation Apple has successfully engaged in strategic innovation and has awarded the most innovative firm for triple years continuously. At the same time, it is the top one most admired firm in American (McGregor, 2008). Due to apple’s history, it belongs to established company. Therefore, overcoming the inertia of success and making a change is a big challenge. Combing Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven d imensions of strategic innovation with apple’s experience, this paper analyzes strategic innovation in Apple.In terms of Markides (1998), strategic innovation is basic principles build up new business modules and creates new markets and increase benefits for both company and consumer. In other words, strategic innovation refers to company needs to market positioning and was good at founding vacant space in market and filled up. Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation are explained as follow: A Managed Innovation Process -Assembling conventional and unconventional ways to business strategy (Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. , 2007).It is said that apple’s products develop in simultaneous stages and Apple always sticks with a proprietary ecosystem. Though it has some drawbacks, the benefits outweigh drawbacks. Core Technologies and Competencies- Main skills (ibid). Due to the face that Apple is high-tech Company, it requires consecutive high technologies innovation. Apple was dedicated to study innovative industrial design; such as apple has the world’s most advanced operating system and intuitive UI and so on. Industry Foresight –Forecasting the complex forces driving change (ibid. Steve Jobs quoted the words from Wayne Gretzky-â€Å"I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been† (Jobs, 2008, cited in Yates, 2010). And he said they always tried to do that at Apple since the very beginning. Strategic Alignment – Establishing Support (ibid). In Apple, when it comes to a strong strategic vision for the business, the powerful leader is capable to align the people in the organization with the direction inherent in this vision. Therefore, the enthusiastic internal support could be achieved. Consumer/Customer Insight – Deep perceiving of target (ibid).On one hand, Apple possesses wide audience ranging from amateurs to professionals. On the other hand, Apple satisfies custo mers’ requirements. All products are characterized by human interface design and ease of use, combing aesthetics and simplicity, showing a perfect balance of form and function. Organizational Readiness – The ability to implement strategy (ibid. ) The board of directors had been re-structured since Jobs took over in 1997. Apple gets an excellent leadership and team spirit. At the same time, Apple masters core technologies and competencies.Sufficient preparation leads to success. Disciplined Implementation –Putting the strategy into effect (ibid. ) Apple’s process of implementation follows the module: culture- product-user-brand. All the products that meet user’s needs abide by their culture, which causes consumer loyalty; they get good reputation, therefore, the brand is established. Certainly, effective marketing strategy is an essential part of successful implementation. Recommendation Based on analysis above, here follows some recommendations to Apple. Maintain design spirit.As most customers are attracted by peculiar aesthetic design of products, Apple should continue paying attention to it. Keep innovation. Innovation is the soul of Apple Inc, Keeping innovation will bring Apple a bright future. Improve product compatibility. Improving compatibility is able to increase the opportunities of choosing Apple products. At the same time, the product market share will be improved. Search for the promising leader and create positive crises. It is essential to find another brilliant leader after Jobs. Apple should keep unsatisfied with current success and pursue change.Find hi-tech partners. Consumer electronics and entertainment industry are high competitive industries which update technology frequently. Thus, finding partner is crucial for an enterprise in the industry, especially, a hi-tech partner. Conclusion According to studied about Apple, it can be reached that there is an excellent management team in Apple Inc. , especial ly the CEO Steve Jobs, a strategic, spiritual leader with strong personality. In terms of strategy of the corporation, it is sticking to core competencies and innovation strategy, making the perfect products to consumer.With reference to organization, Apple is a mix-mechanic and organic style. Staffs in Apple are always with passion and love their own company as well. Performance of Apple in the consumer electronic and entrainment market which is a hyper competition market with technology updating speedily is excellent. There are a large number of loyal customers, great strategies, beautiful products and influential leadership which are all produced by Apple, an innovation corporation. Reflection of our group work Our group work focuses on a topic- Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc. y Apple case studies, several key questions are asked to answer, including the key features of Apple industry, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader, explanations o f Apple’s strategic innovation and our recommendations to Apple. Our group activities was proceed according to a routine of making assignment for each people; then searching for materials individually; next, sharing ideas and of discussing issues together. In the following part, we will introduce a procedure of our group activity in detail.The object of our first group meeting was getting main idea to carry out our project after we read the apple case material. In this meeting, our group discussed and got general ideas and several key words from this case: what is management and innovation in Apple. But it didn't work very well due to insufficient preparation. Therefore, when we made a second meeting, we changed our idea to go on our tasks according to orders of questions. Each two members of our group took responsible for one question, and a member took charge of introduction, recommendation and conclusion.In this time, everyone got a clear task. In the following group meeti ng, we discussed what we found from collected materials and gave advices of every question and pick the best ones to the questions. Everyone is asked to complete their own speeches of their own presentation. If we had problems of our project in the period of not being together, we still kept in touch online. In the last two group meeting, we all gave a brief presentation of our own part to group members and made them understand every piece of our works, and we all achieved agreement to our project without any doubt.One of team member combined all pieces of Power Point into the whole and decorated it. We all prepared for the presentation and kept practice with a time controlling together. For a group work, we evaluate that it is fairly good with advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we learned a lot from this group work. Firstly, we learned how to analyzer a case with models. Furthermore, we also learned that by a combination of case studies and models, it strengthens the kn owledge we learned in the class. Secondly, this activity also improved our skills of doing presentation and reports.We got a clear understanding of requirements of good presentation and reports. Last but not least, our team members shared ideas and made up for each others' disadvantages. From this experience we got the team work spirit and learn how to corporate with others, how to solve the conflicts. On the other hand, some problems existed in the period of meeting. Frankly speaking, some meetings are ineffective, because we didn't prepared well what supposed to do about case studies. Moreover, on the account of some member’s absence and lack of team spirit, the progress of our group work was affected.Here are some suggestions to the future team work we learn from our experience: firstly, a clear schedule should be made in the beginning as a guide of future works. Secondly, team members need to improve group awareness and join in a group activity positively. Everyone of a g roup should review handouts or materials in advance of one’s own responsibility of a group. Lastly, the efficiency is critical to group work.References Assen. M. V. , Berg. G. V. D. , Pietersma. P. (2009) Key Management Models, Prentice Hall Best Global Brands, Retrieved Nov 4th, 2010, form http://www. interbrand. om/en/best-global-brands/Best-Global-Brands-2010. aspx Brian. C. Steve Jobs Killer Instintcts. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, form http://www. forbes. com/2009/04/06/apple-microsoft-advertising-technology-enterprise-tech-apple. html Harvard Business review blog, Retrieved Oct 27th , 2010, from http://blogs. hbr. org/taylor/2009/06/decoding_steve_jobs_trust_the. html Markides. C. (1998). Strategic Innovation in Established Companies, Sloan Management Review, pp31-42. McGregor. J. (2008). The world’s most innovative companies. Business week, April 17. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/08_17/b4081061866744. htm Palmer, D. an d Kaplan, S. (2007). A Framework for Strategic Innovation, Innovation Point LLC, PP. 1-24. Practice of leadership website, Retrieved Oct 28th, 2010, from http://www. thepracticeofleadership. net/2008/03/30/steve-jobs-and-his-leadership/ Roberts, J (2004). The Modern Firm, Oxford University Press. Saswati. 2010. The seven dimensions of strategic innovation. Retrieved Oct, 26th, 2010, form http://www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/articles/seven-dimensions-strategic-innovation? age=1 Strategy leader blog, Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://strategyleader. blogspot. com/2010/01/steve-jobs-risktaking-innovative. html The 25 Most Innovation Companies 2010. Retrieved Nov. 1st, 2010, form http://images. businessweek. com/ss/10/04/0415_most_innovative_companies/26. htm , Yates, V. |(2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://www. leadevalues. com/Content/detail. asp? ContentDetailID=1369 1000 ventures website, Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. 1000ventures . com/business_guide/market_leader. html

Importance of Management’s Budget

Budgeting is not really something that should be discussed, but rather something that every company should be using in order to properly evaluate its financial possibilities, as well as to plan ahead the company's financial spending and investments, corroborated with any financial liabilities. As analysts have pointed out, â€Å"a budget is simply (1) a tool to increase your consciousness of how and where you spend your money and (2) a guideline to help you spend your money on the things that are most important to you†1. These two components of a budgeting definition should be showing us why budgeting is so important and why everyone should be opting for it. So, budgeting greatly helps with two different components. One of them is the fact that it shows where the money is actually going. In other words, the company using a budgeting tool will know exactly the expenses it has assumed, as well as any investments it has committed to during a certain period of time. Further more, the budgeting tool is essential in determine projects which are actually essential for the company, in other words, projects which bring added value to the company. The logic behind this is quite simple: after determining how much you are actually willing to spend during an investment or financial period, you need to decide what you want to spend the money on. Budgeting helps here as well and, additionally, it shows you how you can actually carry out the other projects which do not fit on the initial list. Budgeting should be considered a long-term strategy, with all the implications this brings about. In this sense, we should point out towards the fact that budgeting shows a concern for the long-term evolution of the company, with the top management needing to consider in the budgeting scheme not only the present projects and those that may appear as a necessity in the short run, but also projects with a medium and long term implication, projects that could bring significant revenues in the future, but who need to be included into present budgeting schemes. Nevertheless, we may consider some of the negative implications that budgeting could bring about in the company. One of these refers to any long-term projects, where the initial evaluation did not lead to the expected result. We may have, in this sense, projects that have been included in budgeting schemes, projects for which money have been allocated and which, in time, do not achieve the expected results and returns. One may actually point out towards the fact that if these projects had been dealt with at their specific time, they would have probably been evaluated to their true potential. While such an evaluation may be true, this does not deny the fact that a large proportion of projects that have been included for the budgeting evaluation will have resulted in good returns for the company. Additionally, project which are not successful do not necessarily reflect a bad budgeting strategy, so they should not be considered an evaluation tool. Overall, we may point out towards the fact that a proper and well-worked budgeting strategy is bound to bring about a healthy and successful financial situation within the company. Further more, a budgeting policy will have reverberations among the overall strategy that the company is determined to apply.

Essay on Controversial Television Advertising - 502 Words

Introduction Parents today have an obligation to keep their children safe from the harsh reality of life around them. Just by turning on the television a child is subjected to violence and provocative images, or is shown the â€Å"coolness† of lighting up a cigarette and drinking alcohol. Television advertisements pose a threat to preserving a child’s innocence; they go above and beyond being an advertisement and become a weapon that is slowly tearing away at the decency in American homes. Parental Involvement Televisions are now equipped with V- Chips and Parental Controls, but even on the channels that are meant for children you can find programming with inappropriate subliminal messages that are meant to entertain the adults.†¦show more content†¦This is obviously a reference to marijuana use and is inappropriate material for a children’s movie, proving that the movie industry is targeting the adults. To keep our children safer from harsh television programming, they invented the V-Chip. â€Å"On January 1, 2000, the V-Chip became required equipment in virtually all television sets sold in the United States†¦ The V-Chip permits parents to program their television sets to block out violent, sexual or other programming they dont want their children to see† (AGENCY GROUP 03, 2000 p. ?). Works Cited: Agency Group 03 (2000, January 1). FCC V-CHIP TASK FORCE RELEASES UPDATED SURVEY ON THE ENCODING OF VIDEO PROGRAMMING. Retrieved May 22, 2005 FDCH Regulatory Intelligence Database, EBSCO HOST. Hill, J. (2004, May 27) â€Å"Shrek 2 features dizzying array of in-jokes and cultural references. Did you spot them all?. Retrieved May 22, 2005, Skwigly Animation Magazine: http://www.skwigly.co.uk/magazine/articles/01-05-04/dreamworks/shrek2jokes01.asp LaTour, M. S., Henthorne, T. L. (1993). Female Nudity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p25. Retrieved May 12,2005, EBSCO Host. Reed Business Information. (2004, October) TV Channel Blocker. CED Magazine, Vol. 30 Issue 10, p62. Retrieved May 22, 2005, EBSCO Host Rehman, S. N., Brooks Jr., J. R. (1987, September). AttitudesShow MoreRelatedControversial Television Advertising1963 Words   |  8 PagesControversial Television Advertising and its Effects on Children and Teenagers When you hear sexual content, racial stereotyping, violence, women displayed as sex objects, and drinking, you may think it is your typical R rated movie, right? Wrong. Try the typical television commercial. Television advertising with positive messages can influence children and teenagers to make better decisions and positive behavioral changes. The same can be true when they view negative messages. This too, canRead More Controversial Television Advertising Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Television Advertising We all know from our personal experience that one person’s idea of something offensive often differs from another’s. 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The Eighth Amendment And Cruel Punishment Essay - 2194 Words

The eighth amendment states: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. (The Bill of Rights). Although excessive bails and excessive fines are a problem, the focus for this paper is going to be centered on cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. For years, many inmates and other people in society have been victims of cruel and unusual punishment. Extreme cases have included hangings, cadena temporal, being burned alive, public dissection, and today the focus is on lethal injections and quick ways to put people in their deathbeds. Although there is a desirability to steer the chances of crimes, among other factors, I believe that the death penalty, lethal injections, and other forms of perishment are inhumane and therefore contradict the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment is important to me because I believe everyone has something to prove. Everyone can do better, including the people who are imprisoned and have done horrible acts. A death sentence is inhumane to me personally, because I picture my mother getting sentenced to death and having no say in what is happening. Recently, I watched a movie titled Dancer in the Dark directed by Lars von Trier. This movie featured a young single mother raising a child while she was becoming blind. She became friends with her neighbor who was a cop, and the cop became immensely suicidal one evening due to a lack and heavy spendage of income from his family,Show MoreRelatedImportance Of The Eighth Amendment1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe eighth amendment helps people stay safe, for those who are going to jury. 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However, it has also been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (according to the Eighth Amendment)to inflict physical damage on students in a school environment for the purpose of discipline in most circumstances. The 8th Amendment stipulates that bail shall notRead MoreEssay about The Eighth Amendment1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe 8th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, as well as the setting of excessive bail or the imposition of excessive fines. However, it has also been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (according to the Eighth Amendment)to inflict physical damage on students in a school environment for the purpose of discipline in most circumstances. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 8th Amendment stipulatesRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment and Death Penalty Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eight Amendment to the U.S. Constitution â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted†, proposed on 9/25/1789 and approved on 12/15/1791. The cruel and unusual punishment confines the harshness of penalties that state and federal governments may inflict upon ones who have been condemned of a criminal offense. The excessive fines phrase restricts the amount that state and federal governments may possibly fine an individual for aRead MoreConstitutional Conflict of the Dealth Penalty Essay584 Words   |  3 Pages The courts positions of the death penalty has changed over the years. For centuries societies have used death as the ultimate penalty for crime. In the 1960s, the court ruled against the death penalty as a cruel and unusual punishment, which was forbidden by th e eighth amendment of the Constitution. By the 1990s the death penalty was again in wide use supported by the court and Congress, which continually expanded by legislation the crimes for which death would be an acceptable penaltyRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment936 Words   |  4 Pages The debate over capital punishment is in regards to whether the death penalty contradicts the Eighth Amendment. If the death penalty does contradict the Eight Amendment, then the State should not have the power to sentence criminals to death for capital crimes. However, if capital punishment is not against the Eighth Amendment, then the State has the right to sentence criminals to death. In this essay I will first summarize Justice Brennan’s argument on why the death penalty is beyond the powerRead MoreDebate on the Death Penalty in America1482 Words   |  6 Pagesabove is from the book, Cruel and Unusual. It later states in this book that if Simmons had received the death penalty then that would have violated his eighth and fourteenth amendment rights. Why is it that a person committing such a heinous crime could receive life in prison when another person committing an equally horrible offence might receive capital punishment? Is it right for the United States to operate a system such as capital punishment? Does capital punishment follow the guidelines setRead MoreConstitutionality of the Death Penalty1485 Words   |  6 Pages12-16 ) The excerpt above is from the book Cruel and Unusual. It later states in this book that if Simmons had received the death penalty then that would have violated his eighth and fourteenth amendment rights. Why is it that a person committing such a heinous crime could receive life in prison when another person committing an equal offence might receive capital punishment? Is it right for the United States to operate a system such as capital punishment? Does that follow the guidelines set out by

Neo-Marxist Contribution to Theories O Social Class...

How far would you say that Neo-Marxist have contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality today? Social class inequality can be defined as the existence of socially created inequalities among and within classes. They can be attributed to various factors such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, income, etc. It is arguable that inequalities that exist in post-independence societies as well as the inequalities which exist between nations can be directly traced back to the exploitative capitalism which accompanied European colonialism. Neo-Marxism has indeed contributed to the continuing relevance of theories of social class inequality in contemporary times. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to identify†¦show more content†¦And in addition it should improve on the understanding of our society through integrating the major social sciences. Neo-Marxism therefore held views that were synonymous with Marxism however they were amended and extended on his principles to keep up with modern times. Neo-Marxism, according to neo-marxist Nicos Poulantzas sought to answer three bas ic questions that traditional Marxist was unable to deliver a rationale for. These questions were firstly, why did the socialist and social democratic political parties not band together against WWI? (Instead of support for their own countries). Secondly, why although the timing seemed right for a workers revolution in the west it did not take place? And lastly how did fascism take place in Europe at this time? Neo-Marxism is based on the total political-economic-cultural systems that exist in contemporary societies. Neo-Marxists were concerned with the growth of the middle class, which changed the traditional Marxist class view of there being only two classes; to the introduction of a new class -the middle class. They studied the composition of the labour force; that is the fragmentation of the working class and the decomposition of capital; that is the growth in the middle class. They needed to discover whether or not social mobility was beneficial to the lower class or whether or not it leads to theShow MoreRelatedMarxism Of The Cold War And The Triumph Of Capitalism1528 Words   |  7 PagesMarxism has found great appeal as a political thought for several class-based revolution and have been the theoretical basis for the policies and politics of several regimes across the world. However, most governments and rulers have interpreted the political writings of Marx in their own way and c onsequently; several of the policies of these so-called Marxist states are often dramatically different and conflicting from the basis of Marxism. Since the end of the Cold War and the triumph of capitalismRead MoreFamily7546 Words   |  31 Pagesthe stresses and strains of daily life, which they get from being able to indulge in childish behaviour when playing with their children. This ‘stabilisation’ is often referred to as the ‘warm bath theory’. Other functions of the family; †¢ The family is an important agent of social control. It defines what is socially acceptable behaviour. The family also allow individuals to know the difference between right and wrong backed up by positive and negative sanctions. †¢ The familyRead MoreThe Role of Unions in South Africa19306 Words   |  78 Pagescollectivism, unionisation and union influence? 1 Table of Contents 1. Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 6 6 2. Chapter 2 2.1 Theoretical Framework- Literature Review 2.1.1 Unitarism 2.1.2 Pluralism 2.1.3 Marxism 2.1.4 Collectivism and Individualism 2.1.5 Neo-liberalism 2.1.6 Unionism 8 8 8 10 12 13 19 21 3. Chapter 3 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Sampling 3.1.3 Procedure 3.1.4 Methods of data collection 3.1.5 Data Analysis 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 4. Chapter 4 4.1 Research Results and AnalysisRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words   |  49 Pagesmedia on the public.1 Instead of reviewing these positions and their empirical claims, this chapter examines in more general terms some properties of the social power of the news media. This power is not restricted to the influence of the media on their audiences, but also involves the role of the media within the broader framework of the social, cultural, political, or economic power structures of society. In order to focus this discussion better, I limit it to the news media, and in particular toRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 Pagesschool level. I particularly thank Mr. J. Usifo (English Teacher), Mr. J. O. Ogigie (Mathematics Teacher), Mr. A. J. O. Aliemeke (Geography and Senior House Master), Mr. Okoh (School Principal) of blessed memory, Mr. C. O. Oteh (Economics Teacher) and others. My educational development benefitted immensely from my one-year stint at the Lower Six Geography class at Edo College Higher School Certificate during the 1979-1980 class. Let me therefore thank Mr. Emuhen, Biology Teacher and Mr. Aigbe, the SchoolRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagessystem. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the UnitedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard

Poor Economics A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Povert

Question: Discuss about the Poor Economics for A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. Answer: 1. Increasing return on scale can be defined as more increase in the output level in comparison to the increase in input level. For example, Apple can have increasing returns to scale because of its brand loyalty, positive image among the customers, advanced technologies and innovation that influence the customers mindset positively. Due to its technical expertise and RD capabilities, the firm will be able to increase outputs more than the inputs. Consequently, apple uses superior technology that increases its production efficiency and ability to have increasing return on scale (Walshaw, 2014). But at the same time, increasing cost of raw material and lack of effective technologies may cause decreeing return on scale. For example, OfficeMax is a USA retail based firm that would have decreasing returns of scale because OfficeMax invest large amount of money in retail production input but lacks with required technology and efficiency, which might be a reason for declining return on sca le. OfficeMax merged with office depot for increasing the sale and demand through developing production efficiency, but it was not successful due to less market growth and innovation to meet customer needs. 2. Fixed cost is the cost that remains same at all level of activities and does not change with the change in the activity level in the organization. Proctor Gamble is the firm that has a significant level of the fixed costs due to having large number of stores and management of shelves along with the wages and salaries of the retail staff. It also uses different software to run its operations smoothly and to ensure the security of the data and for this, it pays fixed licensing and maintenance cost each year. The cost of software is also the sunk cost because it cannot be received in future (Banerjee and Duflo, 2012). The firm has paid the cost of buying the licenses of the different software that will be used over the years, but the cost cannot be recovered by the firm that makes it a sunk cost. 3. The invisible hand theory depicts no intervention of government and advocates a free market economy. According to this, government interventions may affect the market efficiency. For example, the government interventions in the health care industry of the USA caused an increased in the quality of care, but at the same time, it prevented the competition and caused the monopoly of some larger hospitals (Hausmann, et al, 2014). It caused an increase in the cost of treatment and low output in healthcare due to lack of effective RD. But at the same time, government interventions are effective to improve the services and consequently the social welfare from the business practices. For example, government interventions in USA airline industry through the regulations forced the firm to improve the competition and to ensure betters services to the customers. The government provided indirect subsidies; bailout service and tax support to small airline firms for maintaining their service and provide reasonable fare service to its customers (Jaffe, 2016). It also facilitated a control over the prices and increased overall efficiency in the market. 4. Cairn India and Vedanta merger plan in June 2016 is a strategic behavior in action. It means merger will strengthen the resources of Vedanta as well benefit the shareholders. Consequently, it will create the value for the stakeholders. This strategic behavior of merger will help in developing core competence in the market (Benna, 2014). The major players in this strategic behavior are cairn India and Vedanta ltd as both are involved in the merger process. At their disposable both are using the negotiation strategy along with lobbying to gain better deal and benefits for their shareholders. These strategies are working for both the firms to improve their favor in the strategic behavior and to get the required benefits. In this strategic behavior, one firm will buy the shares of other firms at an agreed price and it will cause an increase in return and market share of the buyer firm. Overall, both the firms will get benefited from this strategic behavior. 5. The understanding of risk attitude of the customers can be significant for the firm because it would facilitate an opportunity for increasing the sales of the firm. It is because it will enable the firms to determine the behavior and attitude of the customers towards the new products and services of the firm and to change the organizational offerings accordingly. For example, a risk take customers will like to adopt the new products and services and their behavior understanding can enable the firm to bring continuous changes in its products and to sell them to the customers adequately (Hoffman, and Bateson, 2016). For the risk-averse customers, firms can use the direct selling method because through this method; firm facilitate a direct interaction with the customers that is effective to ensure them for the product and to increase the trust of them in the organization goods and services. Through the direct selling method, the firm can sell to the risk-averse customer better by eli minating all their issues and conflicts. Marketing 1. Brand extension is a method of launching new product by the name of existing brand. I believe that brand extension is an important brand growth strategy because it helps to facilitate the new product and services through creating a positive mindset and trustworthy image among the customers. Brand extensions help the firms to ensure the acceptance of their new products and services in the market due to having the particular image among the target market for the brand (Wang, 2014). For example, Samsung uses the same brand name for all its products due to its quality image and trust among the customers. Brand extension works on the basis of brand loyalty that helps us to increase the brand equity by developing a favorable positioning among the customers. Therefore, brand extension is the efficient way to enter in the new market because the original brand is already in the mind of customers. For example, Apple expands its market from computer to mobile phone quite easily and became th e market leader due to its quality image and brand loyalty. 2. For service organizations, it is difficult to manage their market share and customer base due to lack of tangibility. Services are intangible and it creates challenges to promote, control, quality, and set price by the service firms due to dependency on the efficiency of a firm (Hoffman, and Bateson, 2016). The service organizations also face issue in differentiating their services from the others in their marketing prices and to adopt an effective pricing strategy due to cost of each service comes differently. The effective promotional mean is another challenge for the service organizations due to intangibility that makes most of the promotional methods inappropriate and it affects the organizational ability to increase consumer awareness. For these challenges, the service organizations need to follow unique marketing strategies by tangibles their services (Mason, and Evans, 2015). For example, the firms can compare their services with other firms services in terms of time, or ot her features that will make the services tangible and will increase the organizational marketing efforts. 3. ABT Electronic is USA based corporation, which is engaged in retailing business. It is a regional organization but it has higher sales equal to 400 million along with good demand. Due to this, it has opportunity of co-branding with Wal-Mart to increase its image and reach to market. ABT electronics will have various advantages of this co-branding due to developing the brand image, market reach, customer base, market expansion and consequently the revenue of the firm. It will increase the market share of the company and also increase the awareness regarding the company products (Kim and Mauborgne, 2015). It will also be effective to decline the competition and improving competitive position of the firm. But at the same time, it may affect the individual recognition of the firm due to brand impact of Wal-Mart and its cost leadership strategy that may affect the overall profitability of the firm. 4. McDonald is a fast food restaurant that offers food services through 3600 local restaurant and approximately 60 million people worldwide per day. Due to having youth customers as the target market, McDonald exercises the social media and web based marketing techniques for increasing market share and profitability. It is quite effective to increase its product awareness among the customers and consequently their responses positively. The continuous growth of McDonalds is the indicator of the success of its strategies (Watanabe, et al, 2015). The average annual earnings growth of McDonalds is 9.20%, which is effective to ensure the success of its marketing strategies. In US only, the compounded growth rate of McDonalds is 2.3% because of its web based marketing and social media strategies in the year 2015 due to convenience to the customer an increase in their awareness for the organizational products (Woolley, 2015). References Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. (2012). Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. UK: PublicAffairs. Benna, P.L. (2014). Mergers and Acquisitions: India under Globalisation. USA: Routledge. Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, A. C., Bustos, S., Coscia, M. and Simoes, A. (2014).The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity. USA: MIT Press. Hoffman, K.D. and Bateson, J.E.G. (2016). Services Marketing: Concepts, Strategies, Cases (5th ed.).USA: Cengage Learning. Jaffe, S.D. (2016). Airspace Closure and Civil Aviation: A Strategic Resource for Airline Managers. USA: Routledge. Kim, C. W. and Mauborgne, R. (2015). Blue Ocean Strategy, Expanded Edition: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. USA: Harvard Business Review Press. Mason, R. and Evans, B. (2015). The Lean Supply Chain: Managing the Challenge at Tesco. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Walshaw, T. (2014). Increasing Returns to Scale. USA: Lulu.com. Wang, C.L. (2014). Brand Management in Emerging Markets: Theories and Practices: Theories and Practice. USA: IGI Global. Watanabe, T., Uesugi, I. and Ono, A. (2015). The Economics of Inter firm Networks. USA: Springer. Woolley, D. (2015). The Marketing Management Posts. USA: Fontaine Press Pty Ltd.